On 2002-01-29 08:45, DMMcG wrote:
Virgil, as to your first point; Fogel does not specifically mention your good point on pietism v Lutheranism/RCism (BTW would you say more on the subject?).... Yes, on your second point, both modernism and fundamentalism represent the ideological extremes of their movements and enthusiasts of either stripe seek to destroy the other. DMMcG

In The Costs of War: America's Phyrric Victories edited by Mr. John Denson an article by Mr. Murray Rothbard entitled World War I as Fulfillment: Power and the Intellectuals argues that the roots of worship of the State by business and intellectual as a way other than laissez faire or Marxist class war was a postmillennial [those who believe that the Second Coming will only occur after 1,000 years of the Kingdom of God on Earth] pietist Protestantism that had


"impelled the pietists to use local, state, and finally federal governments to stamp out sin, to make America and eventually the world holy, and thereby to bring about the Kingdom of God on Earth. The victory of the Bryanite forces at the Democratic national convention of 1896 destroyed the Democratic Party as the vehicle of liturgical Roman Catholics and German Lutherans devoted to personal liberty and laissez faire, and created the roughly homogenized and relatively non-ideological party system we have today."



"Evangelical pietism held that requisite to any man's salvation is that he do his best to see to it that everyone else is saved, and doing one's best inevitably meant that the state must become a crucial instrument in maximizing people's chances for salvation."


Thus we get Prohibition and Progressive Reform on alcohol, prostitution, gambling, women's sufferage to erode the voting strength of Catholics and Lutherans, efficiency of planning to cut the wastes of the competitive market, plans to enroll youth by conscription in physical work, and the cleansing of colleges: Richard Ely [ a case in point] "called for the total suspension of academic freedom for the duration. Any professor, he declared, who stated 'opinions which hinder us in this awful struggle' should be fired if not indeed 'shot.'"


"'The state', declared Ely, 'is religious in its essence,' and furthermore, 'God works through the State in carrying out His purposes more universally than through any other institution.'"


The modernist Progressive kept much of the pietist Progressive program and its enthusiasm while decontenting it of SIN and replacing it with leveling EQUALITY.


I come from a Swedish-Finnish Lutheran tradition of liturgy, orthodoxy attained by reason, apostolic succession, etc. which placed little regard to the drinking of spirits, the playing of cards, or dancing as an Impediment. My grandmother donated timber for the construction of my family's community church as was the custom in Europe... but I and most of my fellows in school had no need for the pietist program; we seem to have belonged to the Church of the Good Enough for Now.


The Iron Range is perhaps different [the streets of the mining town of Ely were financed by a tariff on its whores] and Calvinism and the pietism of the Plains has had little effect here. As Progress has finally come delivered by Lutheran Social Services [salvation by works returned] from County Funds and the evangelic enthusiasms of the Fundamentalist and Pentecostal persuasions take more a hold here in North Eastern Minnesota we are finally becoming Progressively American after 100 years. I could have waited a bit yet. They used to say, You can always tell a Ranger; but you can't tell him much!
Now, as with the rest of America we will begin to do what we are told. HTH

I guess I just don't like Awakeners that much...the Boomer's in the 1960's had the same enthusiastic hatred that the Missionaries and the Transcendentalists and the Awakening had. It just had a different target of emotional fury. The attitude toward VietNam or bicycle helmets as a moral crusade just isn't that appealing. Perhaps I am an Artist in a Boomer Body or a Nomad stuck in a Prophet's case. Perhaps, it's Paleo-Conservatism or being an INTP???? Enthusiasm, Virgil no like!

<font size=-1>[ This Message was edited by: Virgil K. Saari on 2002-01-29 20:39 ]</font>

On 2002-01-28 14:51, Virgil K. Saari wrote:
Mr. Murray Rothbard makes the argument that the Third Awakening was a "pietist" attack on credal religions such as Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism to enhance the State's power (often on Prussian academic lines) to prepare the way for the END. This was twinned with the de-Christianizing of Religion with the Social Gospel and making an efficient government the Higher Power.


Does Fogel go over this? Or, is his an evolution of Awakenigs, each to a Higher Plane (A Progress)?

Virgil, I do believe we might be on to something here. Pietism as an attack on "credal religions" of the 3rd GA smack of nativist reactions to large German/Irish immigration during the Romantic Unravling 1837-1857 of the 2ndGA while enhancing the State's power "often on Prussian academic lines" preparing the way for the "postmillennial" END reminds one of the emphasis on the Perousia that was also characteristic of the 2nd GA. You know "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord..." Hence the Social Gospelers, Muckrakers, Intellectuals, Businessmen, Junkers, and Pietists were "impelled...to use local, state and finally federal government" to create a new "equality of condition" to replace the "equality of oportunity." DMMcG

It is important that I note the following in my analysis of Fogel's work: 1) Both McLoughlan and Fogel see the United States existing in a state of almost constant awakening, with some of the awakenigs actually overlapping. 2) Both Anthony Wallace and S&H describe awakened types of behaviors as being part of a four stroke historical/cultural evolutionary cycle. 3) The Anthropologist Marvin Harris sees awakened events, especially the four in American History, to be driven by "material conditions" located in the four stroke "pan-human bio-psychological constants." and 4) My understanding that modernism vs fundamentalism is the archetypical dialectical description of the "mechanics" of the Hegelian antithesis, that is produced, in its fullest form, during an unravelng, revitalized during a crisis, sythesized during the high and reborn in a "period of individual stress." Copyright DMMcG

It is important to notice not simply that Fogel s Awakenigs overlap but how they overlap with reference to t4t seacula and turnings. Fogels 1stGA begins in 1730 and extends until 1820. According to my estimation, Fogels 1st Phase of the 1stGA (i.e 1730-1760) roughly corressponds to the period of the Methodist Awakening (i.e 1stGA ca. 1727-1748) and the beginning 12 years of the Anglican unraveling (ca.1748-1776). Fogels 2nd Phase of the 1stGA begins in 1760 and extends to 1790. Again, according to my estimation this period would correspond to the latter 16 years of the Anglican Unraveling(ca. 1748-1776) through the first 14 years of the Common Sense Crisis (ca. 1776-1801). Fogels 3rd Phase of the 1stGA begins during the latter 11 years of the Common Sense crisis (ca.1776-1801) and extends to the end of the Bonaparte High (ca 1801-1819). Copyright DMMcG

Fogel's Second Great Awakening begins in 1800 and extends until 1920. The 1st Phase of the 2ndGA begins in 1801 and extends till 1840 The first 18 years of this 1st Phase corresponds to the Bonaparte High at the end of the 3rd Phase of the 1stGA (ca. 1801-1819). I will show how the period ca. 1801-1819 is a significant overlapping point within Fogel's Awakening scheme. I will also show how it is during the high when the new steady state cultural Synthesis is already creating its counter cultural antithesis in the seedlings planted by the counter culture during the high connected with the beginnig of the prior awakening (i.e the Hanoverian High ca. 1702-1727 of the 1stGA). Copyright DMMcG

"<S>Copyright DMMcG</S>"

Does this mean I need to get your permission before I can quote you (in order that I might question what you write)?

Do advise.

Oops... I guess I just quoted you... strike that, your honor.

Marc, of course not! DMMcG

The latter years of Fogel's 1st Phase of the 2ndGA roughly corresspond to the Transcendental Awakening (ca. 1819-1837). Fogel's 2nd Phase 1840-1870 includes both the Romantic unraveling ca. 1837-1857 and Nationalist crisis ca. 1857-1871. His 3rd Phase of the 2nd GA begins in 1870 and ends in 1920. This era would include the Gilded high ca. 1871-1893, Unitarian (3rdGA) awakening ca. 1893-1912, and the first eight years of the New Freedom unraveling ca. 1912-1929. Copyright DMMcG

Fogels 3rdGA also has three phases,, that begin in 1890 and end in a thus far unknowable future. The 1st Phase in Fogel's 3rdGA from 1890 to 1930 is also a period of overlapping with the end of the 3rd Phase of the 2ndGA and includes both the Unitarian Awakening ca 1893-1912 (i.e 3rdGA) and the first eight years of the New Freedom unraveling 1912-1929. Fogel's 1st Phase of the 3rdGA 1890-1930 begins with the Unitarian Awakening in 1893 and extends to the end of the New Freedom unraveling in 1929. Fogel's 2nd Phase of the 3rdGA begins in 1930 and extends to 1970. These dates would include the New Deal Crisis ca.1929-1946 and New Frontier High ca.1946-1968. Fogel's 3rd Phase begins in 1970 and thus far does not end. This dating system corresponds to the New Age Awakening ca.1968-1986 and Millenial Unraveling ca. 1986-2001. Copyright DMMcG

Fogel's 4thGA began in 1960 and it too sees no end. Only two of the three phases have begun. The first phase of Fogels 4thGA began in 1960 during the New Frontier High ca 1946-1968 and has yet to end, even though the second phase already began in 1990! This begining date for this 2nd phase of Fogel's 4thGA occurs four years into the Millenial Unraveling ca. 1986-2001. If Fogel's 1st Phase of the 4thGA did end in 1990 then it would include the New Age Awakening ca. 1968-1986. Obviously there is another overlaping between the 3rd and 4th GA's from 1960 the beginning of the 1st Phase of the 4thGA and 1990 the beginning of the 2nd Phase of the 4th GA. Between 1960 and 1990 there is 1970 which marks the beginning of the 3rd Phase of the 3rdGA. The dates 1960 and 1990 correspond to the last eight years of the New Frontier High ca.1946-1968, the New Age Awakening ca.1968-1986, and the early years of the Millenial unraveling 1986-2001. Copyright DMMcG

Fogel, as I recall, discounted Moody's revival (early 1880's) as having enough impact to suggest an Awakening earlier than 1890. While this is probably true, I think Fogel misses mark with regards to the labor issue in 1886 and the revival of Karl Marx during that time.

While Marx and labor played no part in the depression of the mid '90's, the gold standard did. And real tough issues concerning all of these three kind of simmered underground, quietly growing in strength, for forty years. Then in 1933, these forces would climax in the first one hundred days of the FDR-led New Deal: America went off the gold standard for good, and labor finally won a place at the capitalist table via Section 7a of the NIRA.

Thus, what was born in the 1880s climaxed in the 1930s, then bore fruit in the 1950s.

Furthermore, I believe, the new issues that rose in 1973--namely the middle east oil conflict--will, like the issue of world gold reserves of 1886, will climax sometime between 2010 and 2020.

If all goes well, whatever happens will then bear fruit in the next high era.

p.s. So Fogel credits 1986 as the start of the unraveling (as interpeted by Mr. McGuiness), huh? Seems a little early then, for the crisis to begin only fifteen years later. :smile:




<font size=-1>[ This Message was edited by: Marc S. Lamb on 2002-02-03 16:45 ]</font>

Marc, while I know you will not "believe" it, the short 15 year turning of the Millenial Unraveling 1986-2001 is the result of a phenomina that Anthropologists call "impaction." Impaction has occured several times in human history. The most recent happened during the Nationalist Crisis 1857-1871. This foreshortening was due to large scale immigration from Ireland and Germany during the Romantic Unraveling 1837-1857. Most of the forshorenting of turnings in the past has been the result of a decline of infant mortality on the one hand and increasing life expectancy on the other. The current impaction 1986-2001 is generationally driven. It has not been driven by numbers of birth but rather by a dramatic increase in life expectancy along side the dramatic decrease in turning length since 1801. Prior to 1801 turning length was around 25 years +/-, after 1801 turning lengths have been reduced to around 18+/- years. With this in mind we can project that the next crisis will end around 2019. How long or short the following high will be, will be determined on how population will increase or decrease or if there is a significant increase at the mode of production level which is highly unlikely. Copyright DMMcG

On 2002-02-03 09:48, DMMcG wrote:
4) My understanding that modernism vs fundamentalism is the archetypical dialectical description of the "mechanics" of the Hegelian antithesis, that is produced, in its fullest form, during an unravelng, revitalized during a crisis, sythesized during the high and reborn in a "period of individual stress." Copyright DMMcG

"My understanding that modernism vs fundamentalism is the archetypical dialectical description of the "mechanics" of the Hegelian antithesis, that is produced, in its fullest form, during an unravelng, revitalized during a crisis, sythesized during the high and reborn in a "period of individual stress." Copyright DMMcG



Perhaps a little Merriam-Webster?s action is required here:

Main Entry: archetype
Function: noun
Etymology: Latin archetypum, from Greek archetypon, from neuter of archetypos archetypal, from archein + typos type
Date: 1545
1 : the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies : PROTOTYPE; also : a perfect example
2 : IDEA 1a
3 : an inherited idea or mode of thought in the psychology of C. G. Jung that is derived from the experience of the race and is present in the unconscious of the individual

Main Entry: dialectic
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English dialetik, from Middle French dialetique, from Latin dialectica, from Greek dialektikE, from feminine of dialektikos of conversation, from dialektos
Date: 14th century
1 : LOGIC 1a(1)
2 a : discussion and reasoning by dialogue as a method of intellectual investigation; specifically : the Socratic techniques of exposing false beliefs and eliciting truth b : the Platonic investigation of the eternal ideas
3 : the logic of fallacy
4 a : the Hegelian process of change in which a concept or its realization passes over into and is preserved and fulfilled by its opposite; also : the critical investigation of this process b (1) usually plural but singular or plural in construction : development through the stages of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in accordance with the laws of dialectical materialism (2) : the investigation of this process (3) : the theoretical application of this process especially in the social sciences
5 usually plural but singular or plural in construction a : any systematic reasoning, exposition, or argument that juxtaposes opposed or contradictory ideas and usually seeks to resolve their conflict b : an intellectual exchange of ideas
6 : the dialectical tension or opposition between two interacting forces or elements


Main Entry: mechanics
Function: noun plural but singular or plural in construction
Date: 1648
1 : a branch of physical science that deals with energy and forces and their effect on bodies
2 : the practical application of mechanics to the design, construction, or operation of machines or tools
3 : mechanical or functional details or procedure


Main Entry: He?gel
Function: biographical name
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 1770-1831 German philosopher; his dialectic process for reconciling opposites influenced Existentialists, Marx, etc.
- He?ge?li?an: adjective or noun


Main Entry: antithesis
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural an?tith?e?ses /-"sEz/
Etymology: Late Latin, from Greek, literally, opposition, from antitithenai to oppose, from anti- + tithenai to set -- more at DO
Date: 1529
1 a (1) : the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences (as in "action, not words" or "they promised freedom and provided slavery") (2) : OPPOSITION, CONTRAST <the antithesis of prose and verse> b (1) : the second of two opposing constituents of an antithesis (2) : the direct opposite
2 : the second stage of a dialectic process


Main Entry: synthesis
Pronunciation: 'sin(t)-th&-s&s
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural syn?the?ses /-"sEz/
Etymology: Greek, from syntithenai to put together, from syn- + tithenai to put, place -- more at DO
Date: 1589
1 a : the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole b : the production of a substance by the union of chemical elements, groups, or simpler compounds or by the degradation of a complex compound c : the combining of often diverse conceptions into a coherent whole; also : the complex so formed
2 a : deductive reasoning b : the dialectic combination of thesis and antithesis into a higher stage of truth
3 : the frequent and systematic use of inflected forms as a characteristic device of a language


Please note: My sincere apologies to anyone offended by either my defining too many obvious words, or not defining enough words. :smile:

Marc, I was right, we don't speak the same language! Speaking of languages you never did answer my question as to your familiarity with ancient ones? DMMcG

In a linear chronological analysis of Fogel's work the following dates emerge as significant: 1730-1760-1790-1800-1820-1840-1870- 1890-1920-1930-1960-1970-1990-and the Present. There are four important points of overlapping in the theory. These points of overlapping are: 1) 1800-1820, this period Fogel views as either the end of the 3rd phase of the 1stGA or the beginning of the first phase of the 2ndGA. 2) 1890-1920, this period,Folgel says, is either the end of the 3rd Phase of the 2ndGA or the beginning of the 1st phase of the 3rdGA. 3) 1960-1920 Fogel views in three ways; a) as the end of the 2nd Phase of the 3rdGA (i.e 1960-1970), b) 3rd Phase of the 3rd GA (i.e. 1970- the Present), c) beginning of the 1st Phase of the 4thGA (i.e. 1960- the Present. And 4) 1990- the Present is either the end of 3rd Phase of 3rdGA or the beginning of 2nd Phase of 4th GA. Copyright DMMcG

These periods of overlap provides for a bit of refinnng in the system. The first refinement that one should observe is the period 1800-1820. I pointed out above that Fogel viewd this period as the end of the 3rd Phase of the 1stGA. This is a period that Fogel describes as a time of the "Breakup of revoltionary coalition." (p.28) But Fogel also describes this period as one characterized by the "Rise of belief anyone can achieve saving grace through inner and outer struggle against sin; widespread adoption of ethic of benevolence; upsurge of millenialsm." (p.28) After S&H and Wallace, I describe this period as being the steady state of the Bonaparte High (i.e. 1801-1819). How could the same era be represented by two separate ides unless they were iterrelated? The point is, I will hope to show, that they are interrelated. I contend that it is during the steady state or high periods when the dominant victory culture of the preceeding crisis emerges in full force. In the period 1801-1819 that domiant cultural force was the modernism of the Enlightenment that had been born as the "counter culture" or antithesis of the Fundamentalist victory culture that had emerged full force during the Hanoverian High (ca. 1702-1727). The victory of enlightened modernism is what the revoutions in America and France were all about. On page 20 Fogel Says," The Revolution thus served to weaken rather than enhance religion. Several of the denominations---the Friends, the Anglicans, and the Methodists---were in disrepute for failing to back the revolution. Other denominations suffered from te spread of rationalism and from the migration of many members to the frontier, both of which led to a decline in church attendance." P20 (more later) Copyright DMMcG

Thus the trajectory of Enlightened Modernism began as the counter culture or "anti-thesis" of the Hanoverian High ca. 1702-1727. The "spiritual warfare" between enlightened modernism and fundamentalist "New Lights" raged during the 1stGA (i.e. Methodist ca. 1727-1748). The consequence of this "spiritual war" being the rejection of the king of England as head of the Church. Enlightened Modernism vs Fundamentalism became a "culture war" during the Anglican Unraveling (ca 1748-1776) which was, of course, a period of "cultural distortion." The revitalization of the Common Sense Crisis (ca.1776-1801) brought on a "shooting war" which ended up being a rejection of the king of England as head of State. The Bonaparte High saw the gradual breakdown of the modernist coalition and the emergence of a renewed and reinvigorated fundamentalism. (more later) Copyright DMMcG

The modernist culture of the Bonaparte High (ca. 1801-1819) is like the one described by S&H as the "ERA OF GOOD FEEINGS" that "witnessed what Joel Barlow called "The Conquest of Canan"--an era of epical social harmony and empire building. Vast new territories were mapped and settled. Canals, steamboats, and turnpikes pushed back the wilderness. Even a blundering war (of 1812) ended up unifying the nation. Civil disorder was rare--as was spiritual curiosity in an era (wrote Emerson) "able to produce not a book...or a thought worth noticing."(t4t p 138) This modernist culture was the product of the victory of the modernist cultural vision during the Common Sense Crisis (ca.1776-1801). The origins of this "common sense" modrnist vision can be found in the counter culture of the Hanoverian High (ca. 1702-1727). Between the end of the steady state of the Hanoverian high in 1727 and the onset of the steady state of the Bonaparte high in 1801 there was a trilogy of turnings that encorporated three fundamentalist vs modernist "wars." The first of these was that of the "spiritual wars" of the 1stGA (i.e. Methodist ca. 1727-1748) which saw, according to Fogel, the "Weakening of predestination doctrine; recognition that many sinners may be predestined for salvation; rise of ethic of benevolence." The second of these fundamentalist vs modernist struggles was found during the period of culture wars and distortions of the Anglican Unraveling (ca.1748-1776) which saw an "Attack on British corruption." (Fogel p48). The third war was an actual shooting one that revitalized the culture in the victory of modernist Enlightenism over fundamentalist Absolutism. The victory created a bi-polar reversal from cultural fudamentalism (Absolutism) and counter cultural modernism (Enlightenment) of the Hanoverian High to the cultural modernism (Philosophism) and counter cultural fundamentalism (Romanticism) of the Bonaparte High.(more later) Copyright DMMcG

Fogel sees the years 1820-1840 as the end of the 1st Phase of the 2ndGA. This is the period S&H call the Transcendental Awakening. It was at this time when fundamentalist counter culture began to manifest itself in a spiritual way, and this " began with Charles Finney's evengelicanism and Denmark Vesey's slave revolt. Soon merging with Jacksonian populism, it peaked (in 1831) with Nat Turner's Rebellion, the founding of shrill abolitionist societies, and the rise of splinter political parties. After spawning a floodtide of "romantic idealism"---including feminism, new prophetic religions, food fads, and utopian communes--the mood gentrified in the early 1840's into a credo of self-help, moral uplift, and manifest destiny. (t4t p 138) Fogel's 2nd Phase of the 2ndGA dates between 1840 and 1870. I have divded this period using the year 1857. Thus I refer to the period ca. 1837-1857 as the Romantic Unravelng and the period ca. 1857-1871 as the Nationalist Crisis. Fogel describes the entire period 1840-1870 as witnessing the "Rise of abolitionist, temperance, and nativist movements; attack on corruption of South; Civil War; women's suffrage."(Fogel p28) (more later) Copyright DMMcG

As we have seen, the modernist thesis of the Bonaparte High (ca.1801-1819) began in the anti-thesis of the Hanoverian High ca. 1702-1727). Through the triadic process of spiritual, cultural and actual warfare it emerged as the new culture or thesis. As the new modrnist culture it felt the stirrings of a new anti-thesis. This new fundamentalist counter-culture underwent its own threefold process of spiritual, cultural and actual warfare to emerge as the new fundamentalist culture of the Hohenzollern High (ca. 1871-1893). Now Fogel considers the year 1870 as the beginning of the 3rd Phase of the 2ndGA which he describes as seeing the "Replacement of prewar evangelical leader; Darwinian crisis; urban crisis." (p.28) The next year of significance for Fogel is 1890 which he sees as marking the beginnig of the 1st Phase of the 3rdGA. Hence, like the Bonapare and Hanoverian Highs, in the Hohenzollern High we also see the termial point of one cultural development (in this case 2ndGA fundamentalsm) and the beginnings of a counter culture (in this case 3rdGA modernism). The spiritual warfare between the culture of 2ndGA fundamentalism and the counter culture of 3rdGA modernism emerged in full force by 1893 when, in Fogel's words there was a "Shift from emphasis on personal to social sin; shift to more secular interpretation of Bible and creed." (p.28) Nowhere was this struggle better illustrated than in the crisis of modernist liberal Catholicism in America after 1893 when it experienced a direct confrontation in the heresy labled and condemned as "modernism" by Pope Pius X in his encyclical "Pascendi Gregis" promulgated in 1907. The modernist movement, in the words of its greatest representative, Alfred Loisy, was an attempt "to adopt the Catholic religion to the intellectual, moral, and social needs of the present time." (roughly 1890-1910) The steady state high that produced this spiritual confrontation is more-or-less the one described by S&H as seeing " old crusades pushed aside while, notes Van Wyck Brooks, war veterans who "might have been writers in the days of The Dial were seeking their fortunes in railroads, mines, and oil wells." Savings rates climbed, mass production roared, mechanical and political "machines" hummed, real wages surged, "midle-class" families prospered in an age of pragmatism that vaunted "truth's cash value." (t4t p. 140) It was the period I describe as the coming of age of Chicago, the primary recipient of the energy unleashed by the first fossil fuel revolution of the Bonaparte High. This energy archetypified itself in the rairoads that brought fairgoers to the Columbian exposition of 1893. (more later) Copyright DMMcG

I have already shown how the period after 1890 and before 1930 marks a second major period of overlapping in Fogel's theory. On the one hand he sees the years after 1890 as a continuing part the end of te 3rd Phase of the 2ndGA. This phase began, of course, in 1870 and would come to an end in 1920. On the other hand Fogel sees the years after 1890 as part of the beginning of the 1st Phase of the 3rdGA, a phase that will end in 1930. As I see it, the major time period in question are the forty years between 1890 and 1930. As I demonstrated during my discussion of Fogel's 2nd Phase of the 2ndGA (i.e 1840-1870) one can divide the period into two smaller "turnings." In the 2nd Phase of the 2ndGA I used the year 1857 ending up with the Romantic Unraveling ca.1837-1857 and Nationalist Crisis 1857-1871. In like manner the period from 1890 and 1930 can also be divided using the year 1912 (rather than 1920). This division would give us the 3rdGA ca. 1893-1912 and the New Freedom Unraveling ca.1912-1929. In the period 1840-1870,Fogel is concentrating on periods of both cultural and actual warfare, while in the period 1890-1930 he is looking at periods of both spiritual and cultural warfare. The obvious common denominator of both periods is that of cultural distortion. In the period 1840-1870 the period of cultural war begins before the actual war, while in the period 1890-1930 the culture war appears after the spiritual war. By contrast, the period 1840-1870 describes a culture moving from a modernist cultural steady state (i.e Bonaparte High ca. 1801-1819) and toward a fudamentalist cultural steady state (i.e. Hohenzollern High ca. 1871-1893), while the period 1890 to 1930 describes the movement from a fundamentalist cultural steady state (i.e. Hohenzollern High 1871-1893) and towards a modernist cultural steady state (i.e. New Frontier High ca. 1946-1968). In any case the high in question was more or less described by S&H as beginning "with...the student missionary movement, rose with agrarian protest and labor violence, and ... in Bryan's revivalst candidacy....Gilded Age realism came under harsh attack from trust busting muckrakers, Billy Sunday evangelicals, "new women" feminists, and Chitauqua dreamers. After radicalizing and splitting te Progressive movement, the passion cooled ehen William Howard Taft succeeded Teddy Roosevelt in the White House. In actual war that followed the New Freedom culture war ca. 1912-1929 it would be modernists Churchill, FDR, and Stalin versus the fundamentalists Mussoulini, Tojo and Hitler in a New Deal Crisis ca. 1929-1946. (more later) Copyright DMMcG

Fogel describes the 2nd Phase of the 3rdGA (i.e. 1930-1970) as a time when there was an "Attack on corruption of big business and the rich; labor reforms; civil rights and women's rights movements." (p.28) I find it curious that WWII is not seen as a significant date during the period? As I demostrated in my considerations of both Fogel's 2nd Phase of the 2ndGA (i.e.1840-1870) and 1st Phase of the 3rdGA (i.e. 1890-1930) the time period can be divided by two. In the first instance of 1840-1870 we found an era of culture that linked periods of cultural and actual war (i.e Romantic Unraveling ca.1837-1857 and Nationalist Crisis ca. 1857-1871) that were creating the fundamentalist culture of the Hohenzollern High ca. 1871-1893. In the second instance of 1890-1930 we found a period of spiritual warfare, producing the 3rdGA ca. 1893-1912 followed by a period of cultural warfare that produced the New Freedom Unraveling ca. 1912-1929, that S&H describe as "...an era of rapid technological change, egocentric celebrities, widening class divisions, crumbling trusts and unions, and expert --but weak-- political leadership. Following World War I, the public immersed itself in moral crusades (League of Nations, Prohibition, Women's Sufarage). By the '20's, a fun filled fiancial boom was framed by pessimistic debates over drugs, sex, money, cynicism, violence, immigration, and the family." (t4t p.140) Both the spiritual and cultural warfare of the peiod 1890-1930 produced the actual warfare of the New Deal Crisis ca. 1929-1945 and all three wars produced the modernist culture of the New Frontier High ca.1946-1968. As I have already said, this third instance of cultural divisions appears during Fogel's 2nd Phase of the 3rdGA 1930-1970. In his period Fogel has mixed together a time of actual warfare during the New Deal Crisis ca. 1929-1946 which "...began suddenly with the Black Tuesday stock market crash. After a three-year economic free fall, the Great Depression triggered the New Deal revolution, a vast expansion of government, and hopes for a renewal of national community. After Pearl Harbor, America planned, mobilized, and produced for war on a scale that made possible the massive D-Day invasion ( in 1944). Two years later, the crisis mood eased with America's surprisingly trouble-free demobilization..." (t4t p. 140) with a period of the steady state of the New Frontier High 1946-1968 that S&H describe as witnessing"... America's ascendancy as a global superpower. Social movements stalled. The middle class grew and prospered. Churches buttressed government. Huge peacetime defense budgets were uncontroversial. Mass tastes thrived atop a collectivist infratructure of suburbs, interstates, and regulated commuication. Declaring "an end to ideology," respected authorities presided over a bland, modernist, and spirit-dead culture.' (t4t p.142) I describe the modernist culture of the New Frontier High as the coming of Age of Los Angeles and the Third Fossil Fuel Revolution Flop (i.e. Uranium). In any case, we remember that during Fogel's 2nd Phase of the 2ndGA (i.e. 1840-1870) culture was moving away from the modernism of the Bonaparte High (ca. 1801-1819) and towards the culturally fundamentalist Hohenzollern High (ca. 1871-1893). During the 1st Phase of the 3rdGA (i.e. 1890-1930) culture was moving away from the fundamentalism of the Hohenzollern High (ca. 1871-1893) and toward the modernism of the New Frontier High (ca. 1946-1968). During Fogel's 2nd Phase of the 3rdGA (i.e. 1930-1970) the actual war of the New Deal Crisis (ca. 1929-1946) is resolving itself into the steay state modernist culture of the New Frontier High (ca. 1946-1968). (more later) Copyright DMMcG

The years 1960 to the present is a third chronological overlap in Fogel's theory. On the one hand it represents the 1st Phase of the 4thGA (i.e. 1960-Present) while on the other hand it represents the 3rd Phase of the 3rdGA (i.e. 1970-Present). As the beginning of the 4thGA it represents a "Return to sensuous religion and reasertion of experiential content of Bible; reassertion of the concept of personal sin" ( p 28). As the end of the 3rdGA it saw an "...Atack on liberal reforms; defeat of Equal Rights Amendment; rise of tax revolt; rise of Christian Coalition and other political groups of the religious Right." (p.28) I describe the periods between 1970 and the present as the 4thGA or New Age Awakening ca.1968-1986, the Millenial Unravelng ca. 1986-2001, and the 911 Crisis ca. 2001-2019(?). S&H describe the 4thGA as a "Consciousness Revolution"...which began with urban riots and campus fury, swelled alongside Vietnam war protests and a rebellios "counterculture." It gave rise to feminist,environmental, and black power movements--and to a steep rise in violent crime and family breakup. After the fury peaked with Watergate (in 1974), passions turned inward toward New Age lifestyles and spiritual rebirth. The mood expired during Reagen's upbeat reelection campaign, as onetime hippies reached their yuppie chrysalis." (t4t p. 142) (more later) Copyright DMMcG