That said, I think your four types are worth considering. There is something to it. I have a wheel symbol I work with based on philosophy, with four directions. Left and Right on the Wheel definitely have to do with freedom and structure. Up and Down have to do with spiritual vs. material. The material direction at least is similar to a desire for security. This is not an identical idea to yours, but it shows there is a basic universal pattern we are both hooking into.
For what it's worth, My approach would yield the following:
Challenge = spiritualist = NF and maybe I (perhaps predominantly prophets)
Comfort = materialist = ST and maybe E (some tendency toward nomads, maybe adaptives in later years)
Freedom = existentialist = SF and P (some relationship to adaptives, and nomads in early years)
Structure = rationalist = NT and J (some relationship to civics)
I think my definition of "challenge" would not be problem-solving, and so not T, but imagination and ability to have ideas and seek change to bring them into being. It would be like RFK's statement "I see things that never were, and say why not." That is most of all related to the N function, and is based on a spiritualist approach to life that says consciousness is the cause of or prior to objects, and to established, stable reality.
"Comfort" seeks security in the way things are, and desire for things and stability. That is primarily related to S = sensing. Rational thinking (T) is based on manipulating objects, so more akin to comfort (and also to structure = J), while Feeling is about empathy and subtle or sensitive ways of getting information, hence more spiritual and related to ideals (and also to freedom or openness = P), and therefore to challenge.