The earliest depiction of a firearm is a sculpture from a cave in
Sichuan, China. The sculpture dates to the 12th century and is of a figure carrying a vase-shaped
bombard with flames and a
cannonball coming out of it.
[1] The oldest surviving gun, made of bronze, has been dated to 1288 because it was discovered at a site in modern-day
Acheng District,
Heilongjiang, China, where the
Yuan Shi records that battles were fought at that time.
[2]
The Europeans, Arabs, and Koreans all obtained firearms in the 14th century.
[3] The Turks, Iranians, and Indians all had firearms no later than the 15th century, in each case directly or indirectly from the Europeans.
[3] The Japanese did not acquire firearms until the 16th century, and then from the Portuguese rather than the Chinese.
One theory of how gunpowder came to
Europe is that it made its way along the
Silk Road through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century.
[18][19]
The first mention of firearms in Russia is found in the "Sofiiskii vremennik"
chronicle, where it is stated that during the 1382 defense of
Moscow from Tokhtamysh's
Golden Horde, Muscovites used firearms called "tiufiaks" (
Russian: "тюфяки", which were of
Eastern origin; this word derives from
Turkic "tüfeng", meaning "gun").
[20][21]
The earliest surviving firearm in Europe has been found from
Otepää,
Estonia and it dates to at least 1396.
[22]
Around the late 14th century in Europe, smaller and portable hand-held
cannons were developed, creating in effect the first smooth-bore personal firearm. In the late 15th century the
Ottoman empire used firearms as part of its regular infantry. As the centuries progressed, these hand-held cannons evolved into the
flintlock rifle, then the
breech loader and finally the
automatic weapon.