Housing’s influence on the economy extends beyond its direct contribution. Careful analysis reveals that housing also influences the level of consumer spending. When housing wealth increases, consumers spend more. Indeed, they spend even more
freely when capital gains from home sales and home equity borrowing escalate in tandem with rising home values.
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Perhaps the most important finding of this study, therefore, is that expansionary monetary policy can provide both a rapid and substantial lift to consumer spending under the right set of circumstances. However, the recent period was unusual in several respects. Home prices likely received a boost from the stock market both before and after the stock bubble burst. Before it burst, home prices likely got a lift in at least some areas from investors plowing some realized stock gains into real estate. When stock values fell, some investors pulled money out of the stock market and put it into real estate in search of positive returns. Meanwhile, interest rates fell to 45-year lows. While a similar convergence of circumstances could recur, housing’s contribution
to personal consumption is likely to settle back into its narrower historical range. Still, should the Fed once again elect to reduce overnight bank borrowing interest rates sharply in an attempt to stave off a recession before it starts, housing could once again help the economy through a soft spot rather than contribute to its contraction.
© 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College